1. Lexical Categories
Nouns: Nouns are related to the cooking discourse. There aren’t any pronouns. In both Turkish and English recipes the same nouns are used.
vegetables, beef, salt, etc.
Most of the ingridients have the same linguistic and translational equvilance while some don’t.
kuşbaşı et, sweet potatoes
There are also some nouns which Turkish people are not familiar with
kariander filizi, basmati, tarragon
There are hyponyms. Hyponyms are the words which are belong to the same class
prune, garlic, parsley... belong to vegetable class)
Adjectives: adjectives are used frequently in Turkish and English recipes.
chopped string beans, sliced leeks, grated cheese, skimmed milk
haşlanmış bezelye, ayıklanmış pirinç, doğranmış havuç, kıyılmış maydanoz
In the examples below the qualificative adjectives are used, and they have the same linguistic equivalent.
There are also quantative adjectives which shows the amount of the ingredients.
500 grams of potatoes, 2 medium onions, 2-3 spoon of tomato paste
1 su bardağı yoğurt, 5 dal maydanoz, ½ kg kuşbaşı et
There can be some quantitive adjectives which are Turkish recievers are not familiar with.
8 oz leeks, 1 oz butter ( oz/ounce = 28.35 grams)
Adverbs: they aren’t used as frequently as adjectives
lightly, finely,radially,well
yeniden, kadar, ağır ağır, önceden
d.Verbs: the verbs used are simple and some of them just belong to cooking discourse
simmer, whisk, dust, dip, spread, soak, beat, grate, boil, fry, cook, chop, slice, mash, bake, peel, pour, heat, dissolve, wash, shape, add, cook, mix
yoğurmak, elde yuvarlamak, eritmek, doğramak, kavurmak, eklemek, ayıklamak, yıkamak, pişirmek, servis yapmak, bulamak, sotelemek
2. Grammatical Categories:
a. Sentence Types: In Turkish recipes request form, in English recipes imparative form is used.
Peel and chop onions. Fry in oil until slightly golden (imparative form)
Kıymayı az yağda kavurun. Tuz ve karabiber ekleyin (request form)
Sentence Complexity: The sentence are simple in structure. Some of the sentences are long but not complicated.Both in English and Turkish the sentences are linked with simple junctions like “and, then”
Beat eggs well, then add baking soda, salt, black pepper, onions and beans.
b. Clause Types: Both in the English and Turkish recipes adverbial clauses are used but not as frequently as adjectival clauses.
lightly fry the leeks, mix well, cut radially into 4 equal pieces, finely chop herbs
bir gece önceden ıslatılmış, sıcak servis yapın, pembeleşinceye kadar kavurun, ağır ağır ilave edin, suyunu çekene kadar pişirin, üzerini örtecek şekilde döşeyin
Both in the Turkish and English recipes adjectival clauses are used frequently.
chopped onions, prepared vegetables, sliced leeks, grated cheddar cheese, pitted prunes
ıslatılmış nohut, kıyılmış maydanoz, rendelenmiş patates, doğranmış havuç, ayıklanmış pirinç, kısık ateş, dövülmüş sarmsak
Phrases: Noun phrases always contain some form of a noun. A noun phrase can be a single word, but it is called noun phrase because technically a syntactic phrase can consist of one or more words. In the recipes the noun phrases are simple.
· slices of tomatoes, bits of parsley, chunks of bread, string beans, baby spinach leaves, tea spoon
su bardağı, yemek kaşığı, ey suyu, bir demet maydanoz
Verb phrases always contain a verb, which may be followed by other categories, such as a noun phrase or prepositional phrase. Both in the Turkish and English recipes simple verb phrases are used.
fry onions, add meat, cook potatoes, toast the read slices, beat eggs, milk, peel and chop onions, dissolve saffron
tereyağını eritin, servis yapın, tuzunu ekleyin, çorbaya ilave edin.
Time phrases are used in both Turkish and English recipes. The preparation and cooking time is mentioned.
· Preperation time: 10 to 30 minutes Hazırlanış Süresi: 25’
Cooking time: 30 mins. to 1 hr Pişme Süresi: 50’
· Bake about 45 mins., fry about 10 mins., cook about 10-15 mins., fry until slightly golden and risen
· Bir gece önceden ıslatılmış, kaynadıktan sonra, soğanlar pembeleşinceye kadar,pirinçler hamur kıvamına gelene kadar
In English recipes time phrases are generally given with certain times while in Turkish recipes time is given as time deixis. (önce, sonra can be examples for time deixis) In the Turkish recipes rather than expressing the time with minutes the phrases like “ bir taşım kaynadıktan sonra” are used.
d. Word Classes: In the Turkish and English recipes pronounsare not used. The names of the vegetables, the actions are repeated. There aren’t any words which have negative meaning.
e. General: The sentences are simple. Some of them are long but not complicated.
3. Figures Of Speech:
a. Grammatical and Lexical Schemes: In both English and Turkish recipes there are lexical repetitions.
· fry, chop, peel, add, cooking oil, medium heat,minutes, serve
· pişir, ilave et, kaynat, erit, karıştır, servis yap, kavur
In both Turkish and English recipes simple present tense is used.
b. Phonological effect: There aren’t any words used to give a phonological effect in neither of the recipes.
4. Context and Cohesion: Both ın English and Turkish recipes the directions are given orderly and the sentences are relevant, they have logical link. In the recipes there aren’t any references like “it, them”. Also recurrence of the nouns is avoided because repetition of the nouns make recipe complicated.
· Peel and chop onions. Fry in oil until slightly golden (“fry onions/them in oil”)
· Bir gece önceden ıslatılmış nohudu yumuşayıncaya kadar pişirin. Süzdükten sonra üzerine et suyu ve... ( Onu/Nohutu süzdükten sonra......)
The elliptical forms are used a lot in the recipes.
· Beat eggs well, then add baking soda, salt, saffran...
· Pour in the mix, flatten the surface with the back of a spoonand place the lid on.
· Yemek soğuduktan sonra servis tabağına ters çevirin ve servis yapın.
Conjunctions are used in both Turkish and English recipes.
· Reduce heatand fry about 10 mins.
· Süzdükten sonra et suyu ve pirinci ilave ederek kaynatın.
Linking adverbs are used .
· Cook potatoes in water, then peel and mash them.
· Kısık ateşte suyunu çekene kadar pişirin.
The term situationality is a general designation for the factors which render a text relevant to a current or recoverable situation of occurence.
The appropriateness of the text can change according to the recievers’ goals. Situationality is different for a person who surfs in the Internet and just reads the recipes from the one who surfs to find recipes to analyse them. Situationality can change according to the nationality of the person. For a Turkish reciver Persian recipes can be more appropriate than the British ones.
Proforms are economical, short words empty of their particular content, which can stand in the surface text in place of more determinate, content activating expressions. Using pproforms is avoided in the recipes. Rather than using them the full name of the vegetables etc. Are repeated to avoid obscurity.
Schank and Abelson discuss a set of planboxes. They contain discourse actions: ask, invoke, inform, bargain. In the recipes “informing” is used. There are pictures of the food which informs people why they should be cooperative.
Both in Turkish and English recipes normal ordering strategies are used.
Bir gece önceden ıslatılmış nohudu pişir. Süzdükten sonra .....
Pirinçler yumuşayınca çorba suyuyla çırpın.
.... bake until golden and risen.
The term informativity is used to designate the extent to which a presentation is new or unexpected for the reciever. If the reciever of the text doesn’t know the food its highly informative. The informativity of the text also depends on the recievers’ knowledge about the ingredients. For a Turkish reciever the ingredients of both Turkish and English recipes are clear enough.
prune, lamb, beef, saffron, onion, mint, parsley, butter, pepper,
The amounts of the ingredients are clear in the recipes.
4 teaspoonsauce, 500 grams of potatoes, 1/3 cup of mint, 4 largge onions, one spoon wheat flour
1 tatlı kaşığı nane, 2 yeşil biber, 1 su bardağı pirinç, ¼ demet maydanoz, 250 gram kıyma
The amount of the ingredients is important for the informativity level of the text.
... teaspoon, 1/3 cup of...,... grams
It will be difficult for a reader to understand a unit which is used in some countries.
8 oz leeks, 1 oz butter, 5 oz cheddar cheese (“oz” is used in English recipes. It means “ounce” and it is 28.35 grams)
ıf the reciever knows how many minutes it takes and how many people it is enough for it will be highly informative. The information about the time is given.
serves 4 6 kişilik
preparation time: 10 to 30 min. Hazırlam süresi: 40’
cooking time: 30 min. to 1 hr. Pişme süresi: 1 saat
The reception of a text depends on the participiants’ knowledge of the other texts. Both in Turkish and English the format is the same. The format is the same as the previous recipes. The prior knowledge about cooking, ingredients is also related to intertexuality. Intertexuality is related to situationality. For instance adding or not adding an ingredient depends on your past experiences.
Intentionality designates all the ways in which text producers utilize texts to pursue and fulfill their intentions. The intention of the recipes is to produce an effect on the reciver. The language used is simple but pictures are used a lot. Visual things can show the intentionality.
According to the speech act theory every speech is an act and every speech has a pragmatic meaning (Austin 1962; Searle 1969). Searle (1976) categorizes speech acts;
representatives, directives, commesives, expressives, declaratives.
In Turkish recipes request form is used while in English recipes imperative forms are used. Both the request and imperative forms are in the directives category of Searle.
wash string beans and chop into 1 cm pieces (imparative)
etleri iki yemek kaşığı yağda bol karabiberle soteleyin. (request form)
The writer encodes the recipe orderly and briefly. The ingredients, amounts and instructions are clear enough the the reciever can decode it easily. The sentences are linked, they are relevant and ıf the recipe is appropriate for the recievers intention it can be accepted easily.
The format of English recipes and Thurkish recipes are same. In both first ingredients than directions are given therefore it is easy and acceptable.
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