Phonology : how sounds are organized in the language.

Phoneme : the smallest unit of language.

Syllable : or/ are/ ; onset : bar/more/; coda : ought/ art

English syllable : starts with 1/2/3 consonants /

Consonant Cluster : 1) s+ (initial) p,t,k,f,m,n,w,l,y,r / s:pre-initial/others :initial 

2) s+other consonants+ (post-initials) l,r,w,j =pre-initial+initial+post-initials

Final : any consonant except for h,r,w,j may be final consonant. / 2 kinds of

Final Cluster : pre-final+final/final+post final

Pre-finals(m,n,nasal,l,s : bump,belt) / Post-finals(s,z,t,d,th : bets,beds)

Pre-initial+Initial+Post-initials Vowel Pre-final+Final+Post-final 1/2/3

Ex. “Sixths, helped, bonds, play, strings, students”

Strong and Weak Syllables : schw/i:/ı/u:/u /syllabic consonant(bottle,button)

Ex. “Character, valley, couple,dissertation”

Stress : using more muscular energy (production)/prominence makes some syllables be perceived as stressed./ louder,lenght, pitch, quality (bababababa)

Words including long vowels and diphthongs or ending with more than 1 consonant are stronger and stressed. (attract, arrive, ressurect) /protect,disconnect)

Stress on Complex Words : -ain(entertain),-ee(refugee,trainee),-ese(Portugese, Japanese),-ique(unique),-ette(cigarette,laundrette),-esque(picturesque)

-ial(proverbial),-ic(climatic),-ion(perfection),-ive(reflexive)

-able,-age,-al,-ful,-en,-ish,-ish,-like,-less,-ment,-wise,-y, etc. don’t effect  stress

 Compound Words : blackboard, bad-tempered, open ended, fruit cake

Rhythm : “Walk down the path to the end of the canal.”

Assymilation : goob boy,that person, pembe,Osmambey

Deletion : there’s he’s, hasn’t, oğlu

Insertion :

Dissimilation : Necla/Nejla

Intonation : 2/3/1 pitch scale ( high-low; fall-rise)

Fall : finality / Rise : continuity / Fall-Rise : limited agreement / Rise-Fall: strong feelings of approval, disapproval, surprise

Ex. 1) “This train is for Leeds, York, Darlington and Durham.”

2) Can you give me a lift?”  “Possibly, Where to”

3) No! Certainly not. Go away!