Articles A-AN-THE
Indefinite : singular nouns
Definite : plural nouns, non-count nouns, singular nouns, unique nouns, superlatives, ordinals, before some modifiers (same, only, main), specific part of a group, ……of the….., adjective nouns, general nouns, general reference, before locations, body parts.
Ziro article : non-count nouns, plural nouns, nouns of time (night), seasons, meals, transportation, communication,
* To link the ideas * To repeat the reference * To avoid the unclear reference
* To avoid the unnecessary repetition of subject/object
Reference Forms
the+noun phrase
pronouns : ýt, they, them * Demonstrative Pronouns/Determiners : this, that, these/those +nouns, such,such a/an+nouns
“it” is used when the referent is clause or sentence
“the+noun” is used when more than 1 possible referent, when you replace the referent with a classifier, synonym or paraphrase / pp103/1
Reference words are used
Complete repetition : the novel
Partial repetition : it
Synonym : study – article
Classifier : Hamlet – the play
Paraphrase : “You revise an essay” – “the revised article”
“ Space fanatics need no longer dream about life aboard the International Space Station. The Space Store (thespacestore.com), an online souvenir shop for NASA lovers, recently started selling the foil pouches of food eaten daily by American astronauts aboard the ISS and Space Shuttle. The selections, $9,95 each, are ideal for challenging environments. According to the store’s pres material, the beef stew “is thick ……and doesn’t float away.” The meat loaf is “easy to cut.” And, the peach yogurt is shelf stable for five years. Yum! ”
(Newsweek, July 21, 2001)
“I love acting. It is so much more real than …… life.” Oscar Wilde
“Treat ……work of art like ……prince : let it speak to you first.” Shopenhauer
“…diplomacy is is the art of saying “nice doggie” until you find … stone” W.Catlin
“ …….equality is ……..lie - …….women are beter” Anonymous
“……birds do it;………bees do it; even……educated fleas do it. Let’s do it. Let’s fall in…….love.” Cole Porter
(How English Works,M.Swan&C.Walter,1997)
Relative Clauses function to make the noun (head noun,subject) more specific.
There are three kinds of noun-modifying relative clauses: those with relative pronouns, those with that, and those with neither. If the role of the gap in the relative clause would be that of possessor, there must be an overt relative pronoun. If the role of the gap would be that of subject of the subordinate clause, then there must be either a relative pronoun or the subordinator that. Elsewhere in restrictive relative clauses all three kinds of relative clauses are possible.
“The woman whose friend you helped wants to talk to you.“
RCs Modifying Subjects
The software (the software was installed yesterday) is funtioning now.
Main relative clause clause
Traditionally, the term relative clause has been used to refer to finite clauses which modify a head noun and which contain a relative pronoun
1. The kid who stole that bike needs help.
2. The bike which he stole wasn't worth ten cents.
or which could contain a relative pronoun
3. The kid that stole that bike needs help.
4. The bike he stole wasn't worth ten cents.
Who :person/whose :possessive determiner/whom :pronoun /which/that : things,animals
We can reduce the relative clauses in case
* RP is the object : “The paper (that)he signed was top secret.”
* RP is used with HV or Passive :” The child (who is) playing on the street was hit by a car.”
* RP is used with prepositions : “ The desks (which are) in the class should be cleaned.”
* RP is used with adjectives:“The girl (who is) beautiful cries.”/”The beautiful girl cries.”
*RP with “have/have not” are replaced by “with”:“People who have….. ”,“People with boks
RCs Modifying Objects
“She knows a girl who/that dances well.”
Deleting RPs is same here with subjects.
Multiple RCs
“Clarissa wrote a letter which complained about cosmetics that she bought yesterday.”
“He saw a person at whom he laughed.”
*The kid to that I talked was crazy” vs. “The kid to whom I talked was crazy”
pp.135/5. pp. 148/5 pp. 155/4
Restrictive/Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
Restrictive Clause : “I admire professors who lecture well.”
Non-restrictive Clause : “I admire my professor, who lectures well.”
* is set off by one or more commas
* is sometimes set off by paranthesis
* uses which(not that) to describe things or places
* is set off by pause and a drop in intonation in speech
I admire teachers…. (which kind)
I admire my english teachers….. ( mopre specific)
NR are used for
*Definitons:“My computer reads CDs, which are round discs that hold large amount of info.”
*To comment on an entire idea : Last week I retired from 3 week cruise, which was a relief.”
*NRC some/comment on all of or some parts of group/thing/persons
“I need 3 volunteers, one of whom/all of which/2 of which must be strong.”
Describe your family
Relative Adverb Clauses
Where/when/why/how : they replace the preposition + relative pronouns
To/at/from/in + which = where / during/at/in/on + which = when /for which = why
A river……, December…., a reason…., I wonder….. , I can’t figure out …… I am amazed at ……
RAC are used for
We tend to use these patterns to focus on time,place,reason,manner, context is formal.
“A store where we can get CDs is just around the corner.”
“This is where we will meet tomorrow.”/”Why she left is a mistery.”Deconstruct structures.
“Cook’s is store I g oto for kitchen supplies” Why is RC omitted?
Pp159/1, pp171/1 pp173/1
And/or/nor – coordinating conjuntions / both…and/not only… but also…/(n)either …(n)or/ CCs
Additive Relationships : and, both and, not only but also
Less emphasis – ……and…./ more emphasis : …..both….and…. /
even greater emphasis : not only (known info)… but also (new info) ……
Join phrases which have the same grammatical structure/noun clause-noun clause/gerund-
Alternative Relationships : either… or….
Negative Relationships : neither … nor …
“Mobile-Phone text messaging has gotten out of mind. A storm is blewing in Malaysia after a senior Muslim cleric declared it acceptable for a husband to divorce his wife simply by sending a text message saying I DIVORCE YOU three times. Critics say it’s a pretty loose of interpretation of Shariah- which allows Muslim men to divorce their wives by stating these words three times and then repeating them in court.” (Extracted from Newsweek,July 23 2001)