SLAT6805 Second Language Acquisition Semester 2, 2002

11/23/2006

Second Language Acquisition

Functional approaches to L2 <= /span>development

l Week 4

lSLA and Linguistics

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Second Language Acquisition

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Outline

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.24%'>lTypological differencess

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.24%'>lPast development

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.24%'>lRelative Clause

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.24%'>lPhonology

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.24%'>lMarkedness

<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>l

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Second Language Acquisition

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= Universal ‘design’ features
of human languagelAll languages:

lrelate sou= nds (or gestures) and meaning in a largely arbitrary way.

luse a fin= ite set of sounds (or gestures) to form meaningful elements, which themselv= es form an infinite set of possible senten= ces.

lare str= uctured hierarchically.

lhave similar grammatical categories= (verbs, nouns, etc)

lcan express past time reference, negation, commands, and other basic functions.

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Second Language Acquisition

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Typological universals
lFeatures that are common across = languages.

<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>l

lAttempt to discover similarities/differe= nces in languages throughout the wo= rld.

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Second Language Acquisition

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How do universals affect interlanguage development?

lThey determine what forms could possibly appear, i.e., there= are no ‘wild grammars’.=

lThey can affect acquisit= ion orders.

lThey can interact with o= ther factors to determine the shape of the interlanguage development.

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Second Language Acquisition

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Two kinds of linguistic universals
Typological universals

Uni= versal grammar (UG) universals

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Second Language Acquisition

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l“Functionalists maintain that the communicative situation motivates= , constrains, or otherwise = determines grammatical structure…..”

<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>l

lNichols, J. (1984, p 97). Functional theories of grammar. Annual Review = of Anthropology, 13, 97-117.<= span style=3D'mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>

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Second Language Acquisition

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Approaches to Universalsl
Typological versus Universal Grammar

lNeutral to origin of universals Innate biological basis

lCross-linguistic analysis Analysis of <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:64.0%;left:9.73%;width:99.25%;height:5.5%'>= individual languages.

lObserved regularities Abstract principles = <= /div>

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Second Language Acquisition

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Noun accessibility hierarchy (AH)
(Gass, 1979)

lSubject relative clause SU

l That’s the man [who ran away].

lDirect object relative clause DO

l That’s the man [whom I saw yesterday].

lIndirect object relative clause IO

l That’s the man [to whom I gave the letter].

lObject of preposition relative clause OPREP

l That’s the man [whom I told you about].

lGenitive relative clause GEN

l That’s the man [whose sister I know].

lObject of the comparative OCOMP

l That’s the man [whom I am taller than].

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Second Language Acquisition

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AH as an implicati= onal hierarchy

lThe types of relative clauses that a = given language will have is based on a hierarchy:

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>l

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>lSU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>lHigh Low

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>l

lThe presence of a clause type implies= the presence of all higher types, e.g. IO implies DO and SU, but not th= e presence of lower types, e.g. OPREP.<= /span>

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Second Language Acquisition

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Development of Past Te= nse

lSeemed to spread from

lAchievement (break) verbs to =

lAccomplishment (teach) verbs to

lActivities (swim) and finally to

lStates (had)

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Aspect

lA verbal category that marks the way a situation takes= place in time (punctual, repetition).

lHe dove in the pool. punctual

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>lHe swam in the pool. activity

l Tense

lThe= time of an event or action, usually marked by inflectional morphology.

lHe dove in the pool. past =

<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>lHe is swimming in the pool. present continuous

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Second Language Acquisition

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The semantics-synt= ax interface

lFindings from research on tense-aspec= t:

1.Past/perfective morphology emerges from punct= ual verbs and verbs indicating achie= vements and accomplishments. The morphology then extends to verbs expressing activ= ities and states.

jumped, kicked, <= /span>broke, built >> chase,= teach, play, know, have.”

2.Imperfective morphology= emerges with durative and/or stative verbs (i.e., activities and states), then = gradually spreads to achievement/accomp= lishment and punct= ual verbs. (past continuous:feel= ,know,be)

“It was dark. I= was thinking about…= 221;

3.Progressive morphology<= span lang=3DEN-AU style=3D'font-size:75%'> is strongly associated with durative and dynamic verbs (i.e., activities<= span lang=3DEN-AU style=3D'font-size:75%'>).

singing, playing

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Second Language Acquisition

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Markedness

Øa distinction between pairs of linguistic features in which one value is seen as being neutral, default and the other being positive. <= /span>Ex:&= #13;

lEnglish plural is marked and singular unmarked.

lIn semantics tall is unmarked and short is marked (or restricted)

lMale terms are basic<= /i> forms, female= terms are marked= forms (tiger-tigress, actor-actress) (Al= i-Aliye)

lSome sounds are common(unmarked) some are= not (marked) (Greek bridge (“dj”,”dz”), lunch(“t= ch”, “ts”) )

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Markedness differential hierarchy (MDH)

<= span style=3D'font-family:Times'>lvoiced/voiceless distinction

<= span style=3D'font-family:Times;font-size:75%'>linitial (bit*p= it) > medial (biding*biting)> final (eyes*ice)

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Markedness predicti= ons

l1. Those areas of the L2 which differ from the L1 and are more marked than the L1 will be difficult l > Germans learning final voice/voiceless distinction in consonants (obstruents) l2. Those areas of the L2 which are different from the L1, but are not more marked than the L1, will not be difficult l > English speakers have no difficulty dropping the most marked distinction

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Acquisition of Questions in English

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.36%'>lintonation

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.36%'>lThat mine?- Where doggie?

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-5.2%'>l= See baby?- Where Daddy go?
lDolly go boom?- What dolly do?; = Why? lDid you see him? – How she can do it?= 3;
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>l

l&#= 13;

l

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<= span lang=3DTR style=3D'font-size:111%'>Acquisition of Negetion in English=

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>lno; allgone,

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>lno eat; no mommy go;

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>lhe not big; Mommy no play;

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>lI can’t do that; I don’t know him;
lI am not a baby; I won’t read the book; He does’nt like it
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>l

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Second Language Acquisition

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= Order of Acquisition of <= b>Sounds

lNasals [ n, m, ng ]

lGlides [ w, y ]

lStops [ p, b, t, d, k, g ]

lLiquids [ l, r ]

lFricatives [ s, z, sh, zh ]

lAffricates [ ch, dg ]
l

lAnd certain places of articulation co= me before others

l

lLabials (made with the lips)

lVelars (back of tongue and soft palate)

lAlveolars (tongue tip and ridge behind top front teeth)

lPalatals (tongue and roof of mouth)<= /span>

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for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D19, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0078.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0035.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0037.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0064.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0036.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0071.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0047.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0065.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0073.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0050.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0062.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0046.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0051.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 055.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0079.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00= 80.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0081.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" SLAT6805 Second Language Acquisition Semester 2, 2002 ------=_NextPart_01C70F02.B13A2EC0 Content-Location: file:///C:/196BB0D3/SLAandLinguistics_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

Functional appro= aches to L2 development

Week 4

SLA and Linguistics

2

Outline

Typological differencess

Past development

Relative Clause

Phonology

Markedness

3

Universal ‘= ;design’ features
of human language

All languages:

relate sounds (or gestures) and meaning in a largely arbitrary way.<= /li>
use a finite set of sounds (or gestures) to form meaningful elements, which themselves form an infinite set of possible sentences.

are structured hierarchically.

have similar grammatical categories (verbs, nouns, etc)

can express past time reference, negation, commands, and other basic= functions.

4

Typological univ= ersals

Features that are common across languages.

Attempt to discover similarities/differences in languages throughout= the world.

5

How do universal= s affect interlanguage development?

They determine what forms could possibly appear, i.e., there are no ‘wild grammars’.

They can affect acquisition orders.

They can interact with other factors to determine the shape of the interlanguage development.

6

Two kinds of lin= guistic universals

Typological universals

Universal grammar (UG) universals

7

"“Fun= ctionalists maintain that the..."

“Functionalists maintain that the communicative situation moti= vates, constrains, or otherwise determines grammatical structure…..”

Nichols, J. (1984, p 97). Functional theories of grammar. Annual Rev= iew of Anthropology, 13, 97-117.

8

Approaches to Un= iversals

Typological versus Universal Grammar

Neutral to origin of universals    Innate biologi= cal basis

Cross-linguistic analysis Analysis of individual languages.<= /li>

Observed regularities       Abstract principles

9

Noun accessibili= ty hierarchy (AH)
(Gass, 1979)

Subject relative clause SU

That’s the man [who ran away].

Direct object relative clause DO

That’s the man [whom I saw yesterday].

Indirect object relative clause IO

That’s the man [to whom I gave the letter].

Object of preposition relative clause OPREP

That’s the man [whom I told you about].

Genitive relative clause    GEN

That’s the man [whose sister I know].

Object of the comparative &nbs= p; OCOMP

That’s the man [whom I am taller than].

10

AH as an implic= ational hierarchy

The types of relative clauses that a given language will have is bas= ed on a hierarchy:

SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP

High     Low

The presence of a clause type implies the presence of all higher typ= es, e.g. IO implies DO and SU, but not the presence of lower types, e.g. OPRE= P.

11

Development of = Past Tense

Seemed to spread from

Achievement (break) verbs to

Accomplishment (teach) verbs to

Activities (swim) and finally to

States (had)

12

Aspect

A verbal category that marks the way a situation takes place in time (punctual, repetition).

He dove in the pool. punctual

He swam in the pool. activity

        Tense

The time of an event or action, usually marked by inflectional morphology.

He dove in the pool.   past

He is swimming in the pool. present continuous

13

The semantics-s= yntax interface

Findings from research on tense-aspect:

Past/perfective morphology emerges from punctual verbs and verbs indicating achievements and accomplishments. The morphology then ext= ends to verbs expressing activities and states.

       = ; jumped, kicked, broke, built >> chase, teach, play, kno= w, have.”

Imperfective morphology emerges with durative and/or stative verbs (i.e., activities and states), then gradually spreads to achievement= /accomplishment and punctual verbs. (past continuous:feel,know,be)

       = ; “It was dark. I was thinking about…”

Progressive morphology is strongly associated with durative and dyna= mic verbs (i.e., activities).

       = ; singing, playing

14

Markedness<= /font>

a distinction between pairs of linguistic features in which one valu= e is seen as being neutral, default and the other being positive. Ex:

English plural is marked and singular unmarked.

In semantics tall is unmarked and short is marked (or restricted)

Male terms are basic forms, female terms are marked forms (tiger-tigress, actor-actress) (Ali-Aliye)

Some sounds are common(unmarked) some are not (marked) (Greek bridge= (“dj”,”dz”), lunch(“tch”, “ts”) )

15

Markedness diff= erential hierarchy (MDH)

voiced/voiceless distinction

initial (bit*pit) > medial (biding*biting)> final (eyes*ice)

16

Markedness pred= ictions

1. Those areas of the L2 which differ from the L1 and are more marked than the L1 will be difficult

> Germans learning final voice/voiceless distinction in consonan= ts (obstruents)

2. Those areas of the = L2 which are different from the L1, but are not more marked than the L1, will not be difficult

> English speakers have no difficulty dropping the most marked distinction

17

Acquisition of = Questions in English

intonation

That mine?- Where doggie?

See baby?- Where Daddy go?

Dolly go boom?- What dolly do?; Why?

Did you see him? – How she can do it?

18

Acquisition of = Negetion in English

no; allgone,

no eat; no mommy go;

he not big; Mommy no play;

I can’t do that; I don’t know him;

I am not a baby; I won’t read the book; He does’nt like = it

19

Order of Acquis= ition of Sounds

Nasals [ n, m, ng ]

Glides [ w, y ]

Stops [ p, b, t, d, k, g ]

Liquids [ l, r ]

Fricatives [ s, z, sh, zh ]

Affricates [ ch, dg ]

And certain places of articulation come before others

Labials (made with the lips)

Velars (back of tongue and soft palate)

Alveolars (tongue tip and ridge behind top front teeth)

Palatals (tongue and roof of mouth)

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1	Functional appro= aches to L2 development Week 4 SLA and Linguistics
2	Outline Typological differencess Past development Relative Clause Phonology Markedness
3	Universal ‘= ;design’ features of human language All languages: relate sounds (or gestures) and meaning in a largely arbitrary way.<= /li> use a finite set of sounds (or gestures) to form meaningful elements, which themselves form an infinite set of possible sentences. are structured hierarchically. have similar grammatical categories (verbs, nouns, etc) can express past time reference, negation, commands, and other basic= functions.
4	Typological univ= ersals Features that are common across languages. Attempt to discover similarities/differences in languages throughout= the world.
5	How do universal= s affect interlanguage development? They determine what forms could possibly appear, i.e., there are no ‘wild grammars’. They can affect acquisition orders. They can interact with other factors to determine the shape of the interlanguage development.
6	Two kinds of lin= guistic universals Typological universals Universal grammar (UG) universals
7	"“Fun= ctionalists maintain that the..." “Functionalists maintain that the communicative situation moti= vates, constrains, or otherwise determines grammatical structure…..” Nichols, J. (1984, p 97). Functional theories of grammar. Annual Rev= iew of Anthropology, 13, 97-117.
8	Approaches to Un= iversals Typological versus Universal Grammar Neutral to origin of universals Innate biologi= cal basis Cross-linguistic analysis Analysis of individual languages.<= /li> Observed regularities Abstract principles
9	Noun accessibili= ty hierarchy (AH) (Gass, 1979) Subject relative clause SU That’s the man [who ran away]. Direct object relative clause DO That’s the man [whom I saw yesterday]. Indirect object relative clause IO That’s the man [to whom I gave the letter]. Object of preposition relative clause OPREP That’s the man [whom I told you about]. Genitive relative clause GEN That’s the man [whose sister I know]. Object of the comparative &nbs= p; OCOMP That’s the man [whom I am taller than].
10	AH as an implic= ational hierarchy The types of relative clauses that a given language will have is bas= ed on a hierarchy: SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP High Low The presence of a clause type implies the presence of all higher typ= es, e.g. IO implies DO and SU, but not the presence of lower types, e.g. OPRE= P.
11	Development of = Past Tense Seemed to spread from Achievement (break) verbs to Accomplishment (teach) verbs to Activities (swim) and finally to States (had)
12	Aspect A verbal category that marks the way a situation takes place in time (punctual, repetition). He dove in the pool. punctual He swam in the pool. activity Tense The time of an event or action, usually marked by inflectional morphology. He dove in the pool. past He is swimming in the pool. present continuous
13	The semantics-s= yntax interface Findings from research on tense-aspect: Past/perfective morphology emerges from punctual verbs and verbs indicating achievements and accomplishments. The morphology then ext= ends to verbs expressing activities and states. = ; jumped, kicked, broke, built >> chase, teach, play, kno= w, have.” Imperfective morphology emerges with durative and/or stative verbs (i.e., activities and states), then gradually spreads to achievement= /accomplishment and punctual verbs. (past continuous:feel,know,be) = ; “It was dark. I was thinking about…” Progressive morphology is strongly associated with durative and dyna= mic verbs (i.e., activities). = ; singing, playing
14	Markedness<= /font> a distinction between pairs of linguistic features in which one valu= e is seen as being neutral, default and the other being positive. Ex: English plural is marked and singular unmarked. In semantics tall is unmarked and short is marked (or restricted) Male terms are basic forms, female terms are marked forms (tiger-tigress, actor-actress) (Ali-Aliye) Some sounds are common(unmarked) some are not (marked) (Greek bridge= (“dj”,”dz”), lunch(“tch”, “ts”) )
15	Markedness diff= erential hierarchy (MDH) voiced/voiceless distinction initial (bitpit) > medial (bidingbiting)> final (eyes*ice)
16	Markedness pred= ictions 1. Those areas of the L2 which differ from the L1 and are more marked than the L1 will be difficult > Germans learning final voice/voiceless distinction in consonan= ts (obstruents) 2. Those areas of the = L2 which are different from the L1, but are not more marked than the L1, will not be difficult > English speakers have no difficulty dropping the most marked distinction
17	Acquisition of = Questions in English intonation That mine?- Where doggie? See baby?- Where Daddy go? Dolly go boom?- What dolly do?; Why? Did you see him? – How she can do it?
18	Acquisition of = Negetion in English no; allgone, no eat; no mommy go; he not big; Mommy no play; I can’t do that; I don’t know him; I am not a baby; I won’t read the book; He does’nt like = it
19	Order of Acquis= ition of Sounds Nasals [ n, m, ng ] Glides [ w, y ] Stops [ p, b, t, d, k, g ] Liquids [ l, r ] Fricatives [ s, z, sh, zh ] Affricates [ ch, dg ] And certain places of articulation come before others Labials (made with the lips) Velars (back of tongue and soft palate) Alveolars (tongue tip and ridge behind top front teeth) Palatals (tongue and roof of mouth)