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- 1. How essential is cooperation in conversation/communication?
- 2. How could you describe the strategies to imply something during
communication?
- 3. How will you relate quality with conversation/communication?
- 4. In what ways is quantity important in communication?
- 5. How would fine-tune your manner while apologizing if the dispute =
is
still continueing after the apology move is made?
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- .……. 6. Could I interrupt you for a second? If I could j=
ust
clarify this then. …….. 7 You relax and let me do the
dishes. You must come and have dinner with us.
- ..….…8. John, I know you're a genius - would you know ho=
w to
solve this math problem here? ………9. Oh, I'm so stu=
pid
- I didn't make a note of our lecture! Did you?
- …….10. A: I don't want my daughter to do this, I want he=
r to
do that. B: Yes, but m=
a'am,
I thought we resolved this already on your last visit
- .…….11. I was sorry to hear about your father.
- A. Tact maxim: minimise cost to other; maximise benefit to other.
- B. Sympathy maxim: minimise antipathy between self and other; maximi=
se
sympathy between self and other.
- C. Modesty maxim: minimise praise of self; maximise dispraise of sel=
f.
- D. Approbation maxim: minimise dispraise of other; maximise praise of
other.
- E. Agreement maxim: minimise disagreement between self and other;
maximise agreement between self and other.
- F. Generosity maxim: minimise benefit to self; maximise cost to self=
.
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- 12. How do you think politeness effects communication?
- 13. How do you save your face when offended by an interlocutor (in c=
ase
of status differences)? What would be your strategies?
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- …….1. The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimi=
ze
threats to the hearer's “face”
- …….2. The positive politeness strategy shows you recogni=
ze
that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that=
the
relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity.
- …….3. The negative politeness strategy also recognizes t=
he
hearer's face. But it also recognizes that you are in some way impos=
ing
on them. Some other examples would be to say, “I don't want to
bother you but...” or “I was wondering if...”
- …….4. Off-record indirect strategies take some of the
pressure off of you. You are trying to avoid the direct Face Threate=
ning
Act of asking for a beer. Instead you would rather it be offered to =
you
once your hearer sees that you want one.
- A.
- Give hints: It's a bit cold in here.
- Be vague: Perhaps someone should have been more responsible.
- Be sarcastic, or joking: Yeah, he's a real Einstein (rocket scientis=
t,
Stephen Hawking, genius and so on)!
- B.
- Attend to the hearer: You must be hungry, it's a long time since
breakfast. How about some lunch?
- Avoid disagreement: A: What is she, small? B: Yes, yes, she's small,
smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big.
- Assume agreement: So when are you coming to see us?
- Hedge opinion: You really should sort of try harder.
- C.
- An emergency: Help!
- Task oriented: Give me those!
- Request: Put your jacket away.
- Alerting: Turn your lights on! (while driving)
- D.
- Be indirect: I'm looking for a pen.
- Request forgiveness: You must forgive me but....
- Minimize imposition: I just want to ask you if I could use your
computer?
- Pluralize the person responsible: We forgot to tell you that you nee=
ded
to by your plane ticket by yesterday.
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- The conversational implicature is a message that is not found in the
plain sense of the sentence. The speaker implies it. The hearer is a=
ble
to infer (work out, read between the lines) this message in the
utterance, by appealing to the rules governing successful conversati=
onal
interaction. The success of a conversation depends upon the various
speakers' approach to the interaction. The way in which people try to
make conversations work is sometimes called the cooperative principl=
e.
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- Relevance: speakers' contributions should relate clearly to the purp=
ose
of the exchange.
- Quality: speakers should be truthful. They should not say what they
think is false, or make statements for which they have no evidence.<=
/li>
- Quantity: a contribution should be as informative as is required for=
the
conversation to proceed. It should be neither too little, nor too mu=
ch.
(It is not clear how one can decide what quantity of information
satisfies the maxim in a given case.)
- Manner: speakers' contributions should be perspicuous: clear, orderly
and brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity.
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- Leech defines politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and
maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social
interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative
harmony.
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- Tact maxim: minimise cost to other; maximise benefit to other. Ex: C=
ould
I interrupt you for a second? If I could just clarify this then.
- Generosity maxim: minimise benefit to self; maximise cost to self. E=
x: You
relax and let me do the dishes. You must come and have dinner with u=
s.
- Approbation maxim: minimise dispraise of other; maximise praise of
other. Ex: John, I know you're a genius - would you know how to solve
this math problem here?
- Modesty maxim: minimise praise of self; maximise dispraise of self. =
Ex: Oh,
I'm so stupid - I didn't make a note of our lecture! Did you?
- Agreement maxim: minimise disagreement between self and other; maxim=
ise
agreement between self and other. Ex: A: I don't want my daughter to=
do
this, I want her to do that. B: Yes, but ma'am, I thought we resolved
this already on your last visit.
- Sympathy maxim: minimise antipathy between self and other; maximise
sympathy between self and other. Ex: I was sorry to hear about your
father.
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- “Face” (as in “lose face”) refers to a speak=
er's
sense of linguistic and social identity. Any speech act may impose on
this sense, and is therefore face threatening. And speakers have
strategies for lessening the threat. Positive politeness means being
complimentary and gracious to the addressee (but if this is overdone,
the speaker may alienate the other party). Negative politeness is fo=
und
in ways of mitigating the imposition.
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- Hedging: Er, could you, er, perhaps, close the, um , window?
- Pessimism: I don't suppose you could close the window, could you?
- Indicating deference: Excuse me, sir, would you mind if I asked you =
to
close the window?
- Apologizing: I'm terribly sorry to put you out, but could you close =
the
window?
- Impersonalizing: The management requires all windows to be closed.
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- Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strateg=
ies,
which correspond to these examples: bald on record, negative politen=
ess,
positive politeness, and off-record-indirect strategy.
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|
- The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the
hearer's “face”
- The positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer
has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship=
is
friendly and expresses group reciprocity.
- The negative politeness strategy also recognizes the hearer's face. =
But
it also recognizes that you are in some way imposing on them. Some o=
ther
examples would be to say, “I don't want to bother you
but...” or “I was wondering if...”
- Off-record indirect strategies take some of the pressure off of you.=
You
are trying to avoid the direct Face Theatening Act of asking for a b=
eer.
Instead you would rather it be offered to you once your hearer sees =
that
you want one.
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- Bald on-record
- An emergency: Help!
- Task oriented: Give me those!
- Request: Put your jacket away.
- Alerting: Turn your lights on! (while driving)
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- Positive Politeness
- Attend to the hearer: You must be hungry, it's a long time since
breakfast. How about some lunch?
- Avoid disagreement: A: What is she, small? B: Yes, yes, she's small,
smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big.
- Assume agreement: So when are you coming to see us?
- Hedge opinion: You really should sort of try harder.
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- Negative Politeness
- Be indirect: I'm looking for a pen.
- Request forgiveness: You must forgive me but....
- Minimize imposition: I just want to ask you if I could use your
computer?
- Pluralize the person responsible: We forgot to tell you that you nee=
ded
to by your plane ticket by yesterday.
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|
- Off-record (indirect)
- Give hints: It's a bit cold in here.
- Be vague: Perhaps someone should have been more responsible.
- Be sarcastic, or joking: Yeah, he's a real Einstein (rocket scientis=
t,
Stephen Hawking, genius and so on)!
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